Franco-Mongol alliance - Revision history

Wjhonson at 05:01, 20 November 2010

2010-11-20T05:01:05Z

Ulamesyhij at 02:37, 18 November 2010

2010-11-18T02:37:34Z

Ulamesyhij at 02:36, 18 November 2010

2010-11-18T02:36:05Z

Wjhonson at 22:21, 26 February 2008

2008-02-26T22:21:01Z

Wjhonson at 22:16, 26 February 2008

2008-02-26T22:16:28Z

Wjhonson: /* Modern sources */

2008-01-22T05:32:08Z

‎Modern sources

Wjhonson at 05:05, 22 January 2008

2008-01-22T05:05:07Z

Wjhonson at 05:03, 22 January 2008

2008-01-22T05:03:08Z

Wjhonson at 14:02, 21 January 2008

2008-01-21T14:02:42Z

Show changes

Wjhonson at 07:28, 21 January 2008

2008-01-21T07:28:20Z

Show changes

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 These contacts were part of a broader web of [[Mongol alliances in the Middle-East]] which occurred throughout the second half of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century, and involved widely spread polities. These multiples alliances were organized between, on the one hand a North-South axis consisting of the Mongol [[Golden Horde]], the Egyptian [[Mamluks]] and the [[Genoese]], and on the other, a East-West axis consisting of the Mongol [[Il-Khanids]], the [[Armenians]], the [[Franks]]. The [[Byzantine Empire]] would ally with the two parties alternatively.
->==Christianity among the Mongols==
+==Christianity among the Mongols==
 [[Image:Stone 1-1-.jpg|thumb|The [[Nestorian Stele]] in China, erected in 781.]]
 {{main|Christianity among the Mongols}}
-Overall, Mongols were highly tolerant of most religions, and typically sponsored several at the same time, though [[shamanism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Christianity]] were the most popular in the early 1200s.  When Temüjin, a shamanist who would later be titled [[Genghis Khan]], declared the Baljuna Covenant with 17 of his companions, several of them were Christian.&lt;ref&gt;Weatherford, p. 58&lt;/ref&gt; Many Mongol tribes, such as the [[Kerait]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Keraits, who were a semi-nomadic people of Turkish origin, inhabited the country round the Orkhon river in modern Outer Mongolia. Early in the eleventh century their ruler had been converted to Nestorian Christianity, together with most of his subjects; and the conversion brought the Keraits into touch with the Uighur Turks, amongst whom were many Nestorians&quot;, Runciman, p.238&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Naiman]], the [[Merkit]], and to a large extent the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate|Kara Khitan]], were Nestorian Christian.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In 1196, Gengis Khan succeeded in the unification under his authority of all the Mongol tribes, some of which had been converted to Nestorian Christianity&quot; &quot;Les Croisades, origines et conséquences&quot;, p.74&lt;/ref&gt; All the sons of Genghis Khan had taken Christian wives, from the tribe of the Kerait. While the men were away at battle, the empire was effectively run by the Christian women.&lt;ref&gt;Weatherford, pp. 160-161&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In 1196, Gengis Khan succeeded in the unification under his authority of all the Mongol tribes, some of which had been converted to Nestorian Christianity&quot; &quot;Les Croisades, origines et conséquences&quot;, p.74&lt;/ref&gt; Genghis Khan's grandson [[Sartaq]] was Christian;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Early in 1253 a report reached Acre that one of the Mongol princes, Sartaq, son of Batu, had been converted to Christianity&quot;, Runciman, p.280&lt;/ref&gt; as was the general [[Kitbuqa]],&lt;ref name=runciman-308&gt;&quot;Kitbuqa, as a Christian himself, made no secret of his sympathies&quot;, Runciman, p.308&lt;/ref&gt; commander of the Mongol forces of the [[Levant]]. Under [[Mongka]], another of Genghis Khan's grandsons, the main religious influence was that of the Nestorians.&lt;ref&gt;Under Mongka &quot;The chief religious influence was that of the Nestorian Christians, to whom Mongka showed especial favour in memory of his mother Sorghaqtani, who had always remained loyal to her faith&quot; Runciman, p. 296&lt;/ref&gt; Marital alliances with Western powers also occurred, as in the 1265 marriage of [[Maria Despina Palaiologina]], the Christian daughter of Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]], with Hulagu's son, the Mongol khan [[Abaqa Khan|Abaqa]], who himself was a [[Buddhist]].
+Overall, Mongols were highly tolerant of most religions, and typically sponsored several at the same time, though [[shamanism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Christianity]] were the most popular in the early 1200s.  When Temüjin, a shamanist who would later be titled [[Genghis Khan]], declared the Baljuna Covenant with 17 of his companions, several of them were Christian.<ref>Weatherford, p. 58</ref> Many Mongol tribes, such as the [[Kerait]],<ref>"The Keraits, who were a semi-nomadic people of Turkish origin, inhabited the country round the Orkhon river in modern Outer Mongolia. Early in the eleventh century their ruler had been converted to Nestorian Christianity, together with most of his subjects; and the conversion brought the Keraits into touch with the Uighur Turks, amongst whom were many Nestorians", Runciman, p.238</ref> the [[Naiman]], the [[Merkit]], and to a large extent the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate|Kara Khitan]], were Nestorian Christian.<ref>"In 1196, Gengis Khan succeeded in the unification under his authority of all the Mongol tribes, some of which had been converted to Nestorian Christianity" "Les Croisades, origines et conséquences", p.74</ref> All the sons of Genghis Khan had taken Christian wives, from the tribe of the Kerait. While the men were away at battle, the empire was effectively run by the Christian women.<ref>Weatherford, pp. 160-161</ref><ref>"In 1196, Gengis Khan succeeded in the unification under his authority of all the Mongol tribes, some of which had been converted to Nestorian Christianity" "Les Croisades, origines et conséquences", p.74</ref> Genghis Khan's grandson [[Sartaq]] was Christian;<ref>"Early in 1253 a report reached Acre that one of the Mongol princes, Sartaq, son of Batu, had been converted to Christianity", Runciman, p.280</ref> as was the general [[Kitbuqa]],<ref name=runciman-308>"Kitbuqa, as a Christian himself, made no secret of his sympathies", Runciman, p.308</ref> commander of the Mongol forces of the [[Levant]]. Under [[Mongka]], another of Genghis Khan's grandsons, the main religious influence was that of the Nestorians.<ref>Under Mongka "The chief religious influence was that of the Nestorian Christians, to whom Mongka showed especial favour in memory of his mother Sorghaqtani, who had always remained loyal to her faith" Runciman, p. 296</ref> Marital alliances with Western powers also occurred, as in the 1265 marriage of [[Maria Despina Palaiologina]], the Christian daughter of Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]], with Hulagu's son, the Mongol khan [[Abaqa Khan|Abaqa]], who himself was a [[Buddhist]].
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 ==Early contacts (1209-1244)==

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@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 These contacts were part of a broader web of [[Mongol alliances in the Middle-East]] which occurred throughout the second half of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century, and involved widely spread polities. These multiples alliances were organized between, on the one hand a North-South axis consisting of the Mongol [[Golden Horde]], the Egyptian [[Mamluks]] and the [[Genoese]], and on the other, a East-West axis consisting of the Mongol [[Il-Khanids]], the [[Armenians]], the [[Franks]]. The [[Byzantine Empire]] would ally with the two parties alternatively.
-==Christianity among the Mongols==
+>==Christianity among the Mongols==
 [[Image:Stone 1-1-.jpg|thumb|The [[Nestorian Stele]] in China, erected in 781.]]
 {{main|Christianity among the Mongols}}
-Overall, Mongols were highly tolerant of most religions, and typically sponsored several at the same time, though [[shamanism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Christianity]] were the most popular in the early 1200s.  When Temüjin, a shamanist who would later be titled [[Genghis Khan]], declared the Baljuna Covenant with 17 of his companions, several of them were Christian.<ref>Weatherford, p. 58</ref> Many Mongol tribes, such as the [[Kerait]],<ref>"The Keraits, who were a semi-nomadic people of Turkish origin, inhabited the country round the Orkhon river in modern Outer Mongolia. Early in the eleventh century their ruler had been converted to Nestorian Christianity, together with most of his subjects; and the conversion brought the Keraits into touch with the Uighur Turks, amongst whom were many Nestorians", Runciman, p.238</ref> the [[Naiman]], the [[Merkit]], and to a large extent the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate|Kara Khitan]], were Nestorian Christian.<ref>"In 1196, Gengis Khan succeeded in the unification under his authority of all the Mongol tribes, some of which had been converted to Nestorian Christianity" "Les Croisades, origines et conséquences", p.74</ref> All the sons of Genghis Khan had taken Christian wives, from the tribe of the Kerait. While the men were away at battle, the empire was effectively run by the Christian women.<ref>Weatherford, pp. 160-161</ref><ref>"In 1196, Gengis Khan succeeded in the unification under his authority of all the Mongol tribes, some of which had been converted to Nestorian Christianity" "Les Croisades, origines et conséquences", p.74</ref> Genghis Khan's grandson [[Sartaq]] was Christian;<ref>"Early in 1253 a report reached Acre that one of the Mongol princes, Sartaq, son of Batu, had been converted to Christianity", Runciman, p.280</ref> as was the general [[Kitbuqa]],<ref name=runciman-308>"Kitbuqa, as a Christian himself, made no secret of his sympathies", Runciman, p.308</ref> commander of the Mongol forces of the [[Levant]]. Under [[Mongka]], another of Genghis Khan's grandsons, the main religious influence was that of the Nestorians.<ref>Under Mongka "The chief religious influence was that of the Nestorian Christians, to whom Mongka showed especial favour in memory of his mother Sorghaqtani, who had always remained loyal to her faith" Runciman, p. 296</ref> Marital alliances with Western powers also occurred, as in the 1265 marriage of [[Maria Despina Palaiologina]], the Christian daughter of Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]], with Hulagu's son, the Mongol khan [[Abaqa Khan|Abaqa]], who himself was a [[Buddhist]].
+Overall, Mongols were highly tolerant of most religions, and typically sponsored several at the same time, though [[shamanism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Christianity]] were the most popular in the early 1200s.  When Temüjin, a shamanist who would later be titled [[Genghis Khan]], declared the Baljuna Covenant with 17 of his companions, several of them were Christian.&lt;ref&gt;Weatherford, p. 58&lt;/ref&gt; Many Mongol tribes, such as the [[Kerait]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Keraits, who were a semi-nomadic people of Turkish origin, inhabited the country round the Orkhon river in modern Outer Mongolia. Early in the eleventh century their ruler had been converted to Nestorian Christianity, together with most of his subjects; and the conversion brought the Keraits into touch with the Uighur Turks, amongst whom were many Nestorians&quot;, Runciman, p.238&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Naiman]], the [[Merkit]], and to a large extent the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate|Kara Khitan]], were Nestorian Christian.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In 1196, Gengis Khan succeeded in the unification under his authority of all the Mongol tribes, some of which had been converted to Nestorian Christianity&quot; &quot;Les Croisades, origines et conséquences&quot;, p.74&lt;/ref&gt; All the sons of Genghis Khan had taken Christian wives, from the tribe of the Kerait. While the men were away at battle, the empire was effectively run by the Christian women.&lt;ref&gt;Weatherford, pp. 160-161&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In 1196, Gengis Khan succeeded in the unification under his authority of all the Mongol tribes, some of which had been converted to Nestorian Christianity&quot; &quot;Les Croisades, origines et conséquences&quot;, p.74&lt;/ref&gt; Genghis Khan's grandson [[Sartaq]] was Christian;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Early in 1253 a report reached Acre that one of the Mongol princes, Sartaq, son of Batu, had been converted to Christianity&quot;, Runciman, p.280&lt;/ref&gt; as was the general [[Kitbuqa]],&lt;ref name=runciman-308&gt;&quot;Kitbuqa, as a Christian himself, made no secret of his sympathies&quot;, Runciman, p.308&lt;/ref&gt; commander of the Mongol forces of the [[Levant]]. Under [[Mongka]], another of Genghis Khan's grandsons, the main religious influence was that of the Nestorians.&lt;ref&gt;Under Mongka &quot;The chief religious influence was that of the Nestorian Christians, to whom Mongka showed especial favour in memory of his mother Sorghaqtani, who had always remained loyal to her faith&quot; Runciman, p. 296&lt;/ref&gt; Marital alliances with Western powers also occurred, as in the 1265 marriage of [[Maria Despina Palaiologina]], the Christian daughter of Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]], with Hulagu's son, the Mongol khan [[Abaqa Khan|Abaqa]], who himself was a [[Buddhist]].
 ==Early contacts (1209-1244)==

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:21, 26 February 2008
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−	This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article [http://en.wikipedia.org/~~wiki~~/Franco-Mongol_alliance "Franco-Mongol alliance"].	+	This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franco-Mongol_alliance&oldid=184475120 "Franco-Mongol alliance"].

	''This page was discussed [http://groups.google.com/group/soc.genealogy.medieval/browse_thread/thread/262654cbaf945c24#a6e2b557e42a1abc here] at Soc.Genealogy.Medieval''		''This page was discussed [http://groups.google.com/group/soc.genealogy.medieval/browse_thread/thread/262654cbaf945c24#a6e2b557e42a1abc here] at Soc.Genealogy.Medieval''

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:16, 26 February 2008
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance "Franco-Mongol alliance"].
		+
	''This page was discussed [http://groups.google.com/group/soc.genealogy.medieval/browse_thread/thread/262654cbaf945c24#a6e2b557e42a1abc here] at Soc.Genealogy.Medieval''		''This page was discussed [http://groups.google.com/group/soc.genealogy.medieval/browse_thread/thread/262654cbaf945c24#a6e2b557e42a1abc here] at Soc.Genealogy.Medieval''

@@ Line 590: / Line 590: @@
 ===Modern sources===
-*{{cite journal|author=Amitai, Reuven|title=Mongol Raids into Palestine (AD 1260 and 1300)|journal=[[JRAS]]|date=1987|pages=236-255}}
+*Amitai, Reuven ; Mongol Raids into Palestine (AD 1260 and 1300). JRAS, 1987, pages=236-255
-*{{cite book|author=Balard, Michel|authorlink=|title=Les Latins en Orient (XIe-XVe siècle)|edition=|date=2006|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France, Paris|isbn=2130518117}}
+*Balard, Michel ; Les Latins en Orient (XIe-XVe siècle) 2006. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris ISBN 2130518117
-*{{cite book|author=Barber, Malcolm|authorlink=Malcolm Barber|title=The Trial of the Templars|edition=2nd edition|date=2001|publisher=University Press, Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-67236-8}}
+*Barber, Malcolm ; The Trial of the Templars, 2nd edition. 2001. University Press, Cambridge ISBN 978-0-521-67236-8
-* {{cite book|author=Bournoutian, George A.|title=A Concise History of the Armenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present|date=2002|publisher=Mazda Publishers|isbn=1568591411}}
+*Bournoutian, George A. ; A Concise History of the Armenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present. 2002. Mazda Publishers ISBN 1568591411
 *"The Monks of Kublai Khan Emperor of China", Sir E. A. Wallis Budge. [http://www.aina.org/books/mokk/mokk.htm Online]
-*{{cite book|title=Les Templiers|author=[[Laurent Dailliez|Dailliez, Laurent]]|language=French|publisher=Editions Perrin|date=1972|isbn=2-262-02006-X}}
+*Les Templiers ; Laurent Dailliez (in French).Editions Perrin. 1972 ISBN 2-262-02006-X
 *{{cite book|title=Les Templiers|author=[[Alain Demurger|Demurger, Alain]]|language=French|publisher=Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot|date=2007|isbn=2877479552}}
 *{{cite book|title=Histoire des Croisades III, 1188-1291|author=Grousset, René|language=French|publisher=Editions Perrin|date=1935|isbn=2-262-02569-X}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:05, 22 January 2008
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−	'''This page was discussed [http://groups.google.com/group/soc.genealogy.medieval/browse_thread/thread/262654cbaf945c24#a6e2b557e42a1abc here at Soc.Genealogy.Medieval]'''	+	''This page was discussed [http://groups.google.com/group/soc.genealogy.medieval/browse_thread/thread/262654cbaf945c24#a6e2b557e42a1abc here] at Soc.Genealogy.Medieval''

	Many attempts were made towards forming a '''Franco-Mongol alliance''' between the mid-1200s and the early 1300s, starting around the time of the Seventh Crusade. According to various historians, these attempts evolved into a regular alliance, complete with military cooperation. In this context, the term [[Franks]] designates all western Europeans, but especially those associated with the [[Crusader States]]). Between the 11th to the 15th century, the [[Crusaders]] were usually called Franks,<sup>1</sup> and the [[Mongols]] are those of the [[Il-Khanate]], located in [[Persia]]. This alliance occured in the mid-1200s to the early 1300s.		Many attempts were made towards forming a '''Franco-Mongol alliance''' between the mid-1200s and the early 1300s, starting around the time of the Seventh Crusade. According to various historians, these attempts evolved into a regular alliance, complete with military cooperation. In this context, the term [[Franks]] designates all western Europeans, but especially those associated with the [[Crusader States]]). Between the 11th to the 15th century, the [[Crusaders]] were usually called Franks,<sup>1</sup> and the [[Mongols]] are those of the [[Il-Khanate]], located in [[Persia]]. This alliance occured in the mid-1200s to the early 1300s.

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:03, 22 January 2008
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	'''This page was discussed [http://groups.google.com/group/soc.genealogy.medieval/browse_thread/thread/262654cbaf945c24#a6e2b557e42a1abc here at Soc.Genealogy.Medieval]'''
		+
	Many attempts were made towards forming a '''Franco-Mongol alliance''' between the mid-1200s and the early 1300s, starting around the time of the Seventh Crusade. According to various historians, these attempts evolved into a regular alliance, complete with military cooperation. In this context, the term [[Franks]] designates all western Europeans, but especially those associated with the [[Crusader States]]). Between the 11th to the 15th century, the [[Crusaders]] were usually called Franks,<sup>1</sup> and the [[Mongols]] are those of the [[Il-Khanate]], located in [[Persia]]. This alliance occured in the mid-1200s to the early 1300s.		Many attempts were made towards forming a '''Franco-Mongol alliance''' between the mid-1200s and the early 1300s, starting around the time of the Seventh Crusade. According to various historians, these attempts evolved into a regular alliance, complete with military cooperation. In this context, the term [[Franks]] designates all western Europeans, but especially those associated with the [[Crusader States]]). Between the 11th to the 15th century, the [[Crusaders]] were usually called Franks,<sup>1</sup> and the [[Mongols]] are those of the [[Il-Khanate]], located in [[Persia]]. This alliance occured in the mid-1200s to the early 1300s.