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==Notes and References== #^ "I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel." Elizabeth's first speech as queen, Hatfield House, 20 November 1558. Loades, 35. #^ Starkey, 5. #^ Neale, 386. #^ In 1593, the French ambassador confessed: "When I see her enraged against any person whatever, I wish myself in Calcutta, fearing her anger like death itself". Somerset, 731–32. #^ Somerset, 729. #^ "The painter...is unknown, but in a competently Flemish style he depicts the daughter of Anne Boleyn as quiet and studious-looking, ornament in her attire as secondary to the plainness of line that emphasizes her youth. Great is the contrast with the awesome fantasy of the later portraits: the pallid, mask-like features, the extravagance of headdress and ruff, the padded ornateness that seemed to exclude all humanity." Gaunt, 37. #^ Somerset, 4. #^ Loades, 3–5 #^ Somerset, 4–5. #^ Loades, 6–7. #^ Haigh, 1–3. #^ In the act of July 1536, it was stated that Elizabeth was "illegitimate... and utterly foreclosed, excluded and banned to claim, challenge, or demand any inheritance as lawful heir...to [the King] by lineal descent". Elizabeth who was an incredibly bright child, did not notice that her mother was gone but she did notice the change of her name. She apparently said to her governess. "how haps it governor, yesterday my Lady Princess, today but my Lady Elizabeth?" Somerset, 10. #^ "It had taken Henry VIII a month to dispose of his wife on a charge of treason, sweep some of her friends to the block with her, bastardise her child, and acquire a new queen. Here was the power of the Tudor monarchy in action, with the King bending his Council, the Church, and the law to do his will." Haigh, 1. #^ Loades, 7–8. #^ Davenport, 32. #^ Somerset, 11. #^ Our knowledge of Elizabeth’s schooling and precocity comes largely from the memoirs of Roger Ascham, also the tutor of Prince Edward. Loades, 8–10. #^ Somerset, 25. #^ Loades, 21. #^ Loades, 11. #^ Loades, 14. #^ "Kat Ashley told another of Elizabeth’s servants, Thomas Parry, that the Queen lost patience with both her husband and Elizabeth after she ‘suddenly came upon them where they were all alone, he having her in his arms’.” Somerset, 23. #^ She moved into the household of Catherine Ashley’s sister Joan and her husband, Sir Anthony Denny, at Cheshunt. Loades, 16. #^ Haigh, 8. #^ Not only Elizabeth but Princess Mary and Lady Jane Grey had lived in Seymour's household at various times. Seymour had also "wormed his way" into King Edward’s confidence by slipping him pocket money and calling the Lord Protector stingy; and he had tried to have himself appointed the governor of the King’s person. Neale, 32. #^ Williams, 24. #^ Loades, 14, 16. #^ Neale, 33. #^ Loades, 24–25. #^ Elizabeth had assembled 2,000 horsemen, "a remarkable tribute to the size of her affinity". Loades 25. #^ Loades, 26. #^ Loades, 27. #^ Neale, 45. #^ Somerset, 49. #^ Loades, 28. #^ Somerset, 51. #^ Loades, 29. #^ "The wives of Wycombe passed cake and wafers to her until her litter became so burdened that she had to beg them to stop." Neale, 49. #^ Loades, 32. #^ Somerset, 66. #^ Neale, 53. #^ Loades, 33. #^ Neale, 59. #^ Somerset, 71. #^ Somerset, 89–90. The "Festival Book" account, from the British Library #^ Neale, 70. #^ Loades, 34. #^ Another copy of the lost original has been attributed both to Nicholas Hilliard and to Levina Teerlinc. See Strong, 163, and Doran, 43. #^ Full document reproduced by Loades, 36–37. #^ Somerset, 92. #^ Loades, 46. #^ "It was fortunate that ten out of twenty-six bishoprics were vacant, for of late there had been a high rate of mortality among the episcopate, and a fever had conveniently carried off Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury, Reginald Pole, less than twenty-four hours after her own death". Somerset, 98. #^ "There were no less than ten sees unrepresented through death or illness and the carelessness of 'the accursed cardinal' [Pole]". Black, 10. #^ Somerset, 101–103. #^ Loades, 38. #^ Haigh, 19. #^ Loades, 39. #^ Loades, 42. #^ In April 1559, Amy had been reported as suffering from a "malady in one of her breasts", and it is now presumed that she had cancer. At the time, it was widely believed that Dudley had done away with her in order to marry the queen. Somerset, 166–167. #^ Loades, 42–45. #^ Haigh, 17. #^ Loades, 40. #^ Hasler, 421–424. #^ Haigh, 20–21. #^ When in 1566 a parliamentary commission urged Elizabeth to name an heir, she referred to the way "a second person, as I have been" had been used as the focus of plots against her sister, Queen Mary. Haigh, 22–23. #^ Haigh, 23. #^ Haigh, 24. #^ Frieda, 397. #^ Loades, 51. #^ Loades, 53–54. #^ Loades, 54. #^ Somerset, 408. #^ Frieda, 191. #^ Loades, 55. #^ Haigh, 135. #^ Loades, 61. #^ Flynn and Spence, 126–128. #^ Somerset, 607–611. #^ Haigh, 131. #^ Mary's position as heir derived from her great-grandfather Henry VII of England, through his daughter Margaret Tudor. In her own words, "I am the nearest kinswoman she hath, being both of us of one house and stock, the Queen my good sister coming of the brother, and I of the sister". Guy, 115. #^ On Elizabeth's accession, Mary's Guise relatives had pronounced her Queen of England and had the English arms emblazoned with those of Scotland and France on her plate and furniture. Guy, 96–97. #^ By the terms of the treaty, both British and French troops withdrew from Scotland. Haigh, 132. #^ Loades, 67. #^ Loades, 68. #^ Letter to Mary, Queen of Scots, 23 June 1567." Quoted by Loades, 69–70. #^ Loades, 72–73. #^ Loades, 73. #^ Guy, 483–484. #^ Loades, 78–79. #^ Guy, 1–11. #^ Haigh, 134. #^ Haigh, 137. #^ Letter to Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 10 February 1586, delivered by Sir Thomas Heneage. Loades, 94. #^ Haigh, 138. #^ When the Spanish naval commander, the Duke of Medina Sidonia, reached the coast near Calais, he found the Duke of Parma's troops unready and was forced to wait, giving the English the opportunity to launch their attack. Loades, 64. #^ Black, 349. #^ Neale, 300. #^ Though most historians accept that Elizabeth gave such a speech, its authenticity has been questioned (Frye, The Myth of Elizabeth at Tilbury, 1992), since it was not published until 1654. Doran, 235–236. #^ Somerset, 591. #• Neale, 297–98. #^ Black, 353. #^ Haigh, 145. #^ For example, C. H. Wilson (Berkeley, 1970) castigates Elizabeth for half-heartedness in the war against Spain. Haigh, 183. #^ "In some respects she had a firmer grasp of strategy than the men to whom she had to entrust the conduct of the war, and certainly much more damage was caused by her commanders' failure to adhere to carefully formulated instructions than by Elizabeth's vacillation or attempts to economise." Somerset, 655. #^ Haigh, 142. #^ Haigh, 143. #^ Haigh, 143–144. #^ One observer wrote that Ulster, for example, was "as unknown to the English here as the most inland part of Virginia". Somerset, 667. #^ Somerset, 668. #^ Somerset, 668–669. #^ Loades, 98. #^ In a letter of 19 July 1599 to Essex, Elizabeth wrote: "For what can be more true (if things be rightly examined) than that your two month's journey has brought in never a capital rebel against whom it had been worthy to have adventured one thousand men". Loades, 98. #^ Loades, 98–99. #^ Loades, 92. #^ Gaunt, 37. #^ Haigh, 171. #^ "The metaphor of drama is an appropriate one for Elizabeth's reign, for her power was an illusion — and an illusion was her power. Like Henry IV of France, she projected an image of herself which brought stability and prestige to her country. By constant attention to the details of her total performance, she kept the rest of the cast on their toes and kept her own part as queen." Haigh, 179. #^ Loades, 93. #^ Loades, 97. #^ Black, 410. #^ A Patent of Monopoly gave the holder control over an aspect of trade or manufacture. See Neale, 382. #^ Williams, 208. #^ Black, 192–194. #^ She gave the speech at Whitehall Palace to a deputation of 140 members, who afterwards all kissed her hand. Neale, 383–384. #^ Loades, 86. #^ Haigh, 155. #^ Black, 355–356. #^ Black, 355. #^ This criticism of Elizabeth was noted by Elizabeth's early biographers William Camden and John Clapham. For a detailed account of such criticisms and of Elizabeth's "government by illusion", see chapter 8, "The Queen and the People", Haigh, 149–169. #^ Black, 239. #^ Black, 239–245. #^ Haigh, 176. #^ After Essex's downfall, James VI of Scotland referred to Cecil as "king there in effect". Croft, 48. #^ Cecil wrote to James, "The subject itself is so perilous to touch amongst us as it setteth a mark upon his head forever that hatcheth such a bird". Willson, 154. #^ Willson, 154. #^ Willson, 155. #^ Neale, 385. #^ Black, 411. #^ Black, 410–411. #^ Weir, 486. #^ Loades, 100. #^ Willson, 333. #^ Somerset, 726. #^ Strong, 164. #^ Haigh, 170. #^ Weir, 488. #^ Dobson and Watson, 257. #^ Strong, 163–164. #^ Haigh, 175, 182. #^ Dobson and Watson, 258. #^ The age of Elizabeth was redrawn as one of chivalry, epitomised by courtly encounters between the queen and sea-dog "heroes" such as Drake and Raleigh. Some Victorian narratives, such as Raleigh laying his cloak before the queen or presenting her with a potato, remain part of the myth. Dobson and Watson, 258. #^ Haigh, 175. #^ In his preface to the 1952 reprint of Queen Elizabeth I, J. E. Neale observed: "The book was written before such words as "ideological", "fifth column", and "cold war" became current; and it is perhaps as well that they are not there. But the ideas are present, as is the idea of romantic leadership of a nation in peril, because they were present in Elizabethan times". #^ Haigh, 182. #^ Haigh, 183. #^ Black, 408–409. #^ Haigh, 142–147, 174–177. #^ Loades, 46–50. #^ Weir, 487. #^ Hogge, 9–10. #^ The new state religion was condemned at the time in such terms as "a cloaked papistry, or mingle mangle". Somerset, 102. #^ "The problem with the 'Protestant heroine' image was that Elizabeth did not always live up to it. London Protestants were horrified in 1561 when they heard of the plan to get Spanish support for a Dudley marriage by offering concessions on religion, and it took Elizabeth almost a decade to re-establish her Protestant credentials." Haigh, 165. #^ Haigh, 45–46, 177. #^ Black, 14–15. #^ Collinson, 28–29. #^ Williams, 50. #^ Haigh, 42. #^ Somerset, 727. #^ Hogge, 9n. #^ Loades, 1. #^ As Elizabeth's Lord Keeper, Sir Nicholas Bacon, put it on her behalf to parliament in 1559, the queen "is not, nor ever meaneth to be, so wedded to her own will and fantasy that for the satisfaction thereof she will do anything...to bring any bondage or servitude to her people, or give any just occasion to them of any inward grudge whereby any tumults or stirs might arise as hath done of late days". Starkey, 7. #^ Somerset, 75–76. #^ Edwards, 205. #^ Starkey, 6–7.
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