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===Weaponry=== [[Image:EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg|thumb|Earliest picture of a European [[cannon]], "De nobilitatibus, sapientiis et prudentiis regum" Walter de Milemete, 1326.]] One theory of how [[gunpowder]] came to Europe is that it made its way along the Silk Road through the Middle East; another is that it was brought to Europe during the Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Norris|2003|p=11}}</ref><ref name=chase58>{{Harvcolnb|Chase|2003|p=58}}</ref> Direct Franco-Mongol contacts occurred as in the 1259-1260 military alliance of the Franks knights of the ruler of [[Antioch]] [[Bohemond VI]] and his father-in-law [[Hetoum I]] with the [[Mongols]] under [[Hulagu Khan|Hulagu]].<ref name=grousset-581>Grousset, p. 581</ref> [[William of Rubruck]], an ambassador to the Mongols in 1254-1255, a personal friend of [[Roger Bacon]], is also often designated as a possible intermediary in the transmission of gunpowder know-how between the East and the West.<ref>"The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization", John M.Hobson, p186, ISBN 0521547245</ref> Other innovations, such as [[printing]], may have transited through the Mongol routes during that period. [[John of Marignolli]] came back from the Mongols in 1353, with a request from the Great Khan to send more Franscicans to China. Most contacts were interrupted however when the [[Black Death|Great Plague]] started to sweep Europe. The reopening of relations would not occur until the 16th century.<ref>Foltz, p.133</ref>
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